49th Parallel: The Years of War and Political Haggling it Took to Define the Canada-US Border

The relationship between the United States and Great Britain, known as the “Special Relationship,” has a complex history. The two nations were once at odds, with the U.S. fighting for independence from British rule in the late 18th century. This conflict led to the Treaty of Paris in 1783, which established the border between British North America and the United States. However, geographical inaccuracies in the treaty caused uncertainty about the boundary, leading to further negotiations in the 1818 agreement.

The 1818 agreement resolved boundary disputes and set the border along the 49th parallel to the Rocky Mountains. This adjustment required a transfer of territory between the two nations. Despite this treaty easing tensions, the U.S. continued to seek expansion westward and northward, leading to conflicts over land and territory.

One area of contention was the Oregon Country, which both the U.S. and Britain sought to exploit. Calls for the annexation of British territory up to the 54th parallel and 40th minute north intensified, reflecting the U.S.’s desire for expansion and acquisition of valuable resources.

The concept of “Manifest Destiny” further fueled American expansionism, with President John Tyler and his successor, President James K. Polk, asserting claims to Oregon and annexing the Republic of Texas as a new state. The Mexican-American War in 1846 resulted in the U.S. acquiring additional territory, leading to tensions with Britain over ownership of lands west of the Rockies.

The Oregon Treaty of 1846 finally settled the dispute by establishing the 49th parallel as the boundary between Canada and the United States. This agreement solidified the relationship between the two nations and paved the way for further cooperation and mutual development.