Commentary
In the 19th century, Europe experienced a period of relative peace following Napoleon’s defeat in 1815. This peace was maintained through a “balance of power” among major states like France, the Russian Empire, the Austrian Empire, Prussia, and Britain, which focused on colonial holdings rather than European affairs. However, by 1900, this balance was disrupted as Prussia’s decisive victory over France in 1870 led to the unification of German states under Kaiser Wilhelm II, creating a more aggressive state that sought colonies and interfered in global affairs.
Wilhelm’s militaristic actions in China and his aggressive rhetoric signaled a shift in international diplomacy, prompting other countries to reconsider their military capabilities. By 1900, most major European states had adopted universal military service and expanded their standing armies, following the German General Staff’s methods and focusing on war preparation and strategy.
France and Germany’s militarization led to increased defense spending and an arms race, exemplified by the dreadnought naval race between Britain and Germany. The launch of the HMS Dreadnought by the Royal Navy in 1906 revolutionized naval warfare but also challenged Britain’s naval superiority, sparking a costly competition between the two nations.
The arms race strained national budgets, leading Britain to seek financial assistance from its dominions for naval construction. The German navy’s expansion and threat to British naval dominance heightened tensions, ultimately contributing to the outbreak of World War I in 1914.
This historical context underscores the impact of militarization on European politics and the role of arms races in escalating international conflicts.
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